Organizational Behavior for Journal of Managerial Psychology

Question: Examine about theOrganizational Behavior for Journal of Managerial Psychology. Answer: Presentation Hierarchical conduct is the investigation of the conduct of people in an authoritative setting. Compelling authoritative conduct the board is basic for the achievement and development of any business (Griffin Moorhead, 2011). A people conduct in these authoritative settings is to a great extent affected by different variables including working environment condition, timings, nature of work and hierarchical arrangements. Authoritative conduct incorporates the investigation of hierarchical representatives culture, religion, social qualities, morals and financial foundations. This report illuminates hierarchical conduct speculations, rehearses and their criticalness in the association. The report likewise reflects upon different advances that must be taken to improve workforce decent variety just as late changes that the hierarchical conduct rehearses are seeing. Paper subject It is smarter to depend on generalizations than to go into a relationship with somebody from another culture with no thought of what they put stock in. The expanding working environment decent variety is an aftereffect of globalization (Hamilton, 2015). Individuals from various pieces of the globe meet up and progress in the direction of comparable objectives. This outcomes in building different long haul connections that to a great extent sway associations just as people related with the association. Individuals originating from various religions, topographies and social or monetary foundations have various generalizations related with them. Generalizations can be founded on religion, age, station or geology (Bertolino, 2013) These generalizations might possibly relate with everybody except it is essential to take note of that there is a motivation behind why these generalizations exist. While teaming up with various individuals it is frequently more shrewd to know about the generalizations that are related with the individuals as this helps the associations in getting ready for what's to come. For instance, Employees from France a re related with being unpunctual. Consequently, while recruiting a French representative, the chief can guarantee to keep a specific measure of edge while giving them work cutoff times. On the off chance that the worker, adheres to the cutoff time and finishes the work on schedule, the there is no downside. In any case, on the off chance that the representative is late as portrayed by the generalization, at that point too the association has enough time as edge for the necessary work. Authoritative conduct speculations There are different speculations that are related with authoritative conduct. The hypothesis in conversation for this report is that of indistinguishable manager worker conduct. This hypothesis recommends that the association must force comparable approaches, objectives, conduct rules and moral codes for the business just as all the representatives. Ramifications of this hypothesis spurs representatives to try sincerely and fabricates a situation of dignity inside the association. This is explicitly helpful when the association is various and has individuals from various foundations cooperating. According to the paper question over, this hypothesis proposes that all the workers must be dealt with similarly instead of making a predisposition by virtue of the generalizations related with them. One key factors that influence worker development in any business is Motivation (Stein Cropanzano, 2011). There are different inspirational speculations that must be utilized in the association s o as to persuade representatives to buckle down. Maslows need pecking order hypothesis makes a five degrees of requirements for each person. When the physical and social needs of workers are satisfied, associations must concentration after satisfying regard needs of representatives so as to keep them propelled (Anderson, 2014). In a various situation, each individual would have an alternate wellspring of regard. For instance, as indicated by the generalizations, an American workers regard need are satisfied by giving them extra force, a Chinese representatives regard needs are satisfied by giving them extra obligations then again, an Indian or African workers regard needs are satisfied by offering them extra compensation. In this way, these generalizations help associations in understanding representative needs. Note that generalizations assume a job just in the start of any relationship. When the correspondence between the two gatherings creates, generalizations are broken and choices are made dependent on encounters. Authoritative issues structure a piece of each driving association that exists today. As associations are getting increasingly differentiated, association is starting to confront remarkable moves that should be tended to. These issues are looked at administrative level, worker level just as authoritative level (Laura, 2012). Coming up next are a portion of the main issues looked by associations during the time spent structure associations with various individuals: Correspondence issues: The most significant issue that exists in building a various association wherein individuals from various foundations cooperate is the correspondence issue looked by representatives everywhere (Patrick Kumar, 2012). Each individual has their own one of a kind nearby language and authority language that the individual best conveys in. In the event of a differing association, there are different language boundaries. So as to address the equivalent, all associations build up their official language. All the associations must give preparing to their outside workers to gain proficiency with the official language of the association just as the nearby language of the nation. Social issues: Every individual originates from an alternate social foundation. Chinese associations have a functioning and dynamic hierarchical culture where individuals are regularly shouting at one another. Then again, Japan has a quiet culture and shouting at anybody is viewed as impolite and self-important. As per the principles of their religion, Muslims need to supplicate multiple times in a day. In this manner association with Muslim representatives need to permit them required time during the day to ask. Hindus then again are limited by religion to eat non-veggie lover food. Thus associations with Hindu representatives must maintain a strategic distance from or confine non-veggie lover dinners in the basic wash room region. Along these lines so as to address this issue, preparing about various culture must be given (Sartorius, 2011). Social issues may make a specific sort of inclination on the premise on strict practices, customs and language inside the association. Social Issues: There are different issues that are made by society. These accepted practices of representatives should be comprehended and regarded while utilizing a various workforce (Hyde et. al., 2013). For instance, Muslim ladies are relied upon to cover their heads consistently while different social orders think that its typical for ladies to wear skirts or jeans. Certain social orders confine ladies from working around evening time while a few ladies like to work late in the night. All these are plain generalizations however they should be seen well ahead of time by associations before recruiting workers from various foundations. Negative marks of generalizing Generalizing of a person in not off-base in certainty it to a great extent helps associations in being set up for what they may experience. At a similar purpose of time, it is critical to take note of that few out of every odd individual may completely cling to the generalization related with them. Generalizing representatives may prompt a negative work culture, judgment among representatives towards one another, incomplete or out of line treatment and diminished profitability inside the association. In this manner it is suggested that hierarchical chiefs must receive the positive side of generalizing. Different associations are basic for the achievement and development of a business in the present situation. Negative parts of applying generalizations are additionally alluded to as quiet destroyers of the association. Henceforth, administrators must utilize their tact and remembering the profitability of association, they should embrace to the positive parts of generalizations and oversee workforce in the way that relinquishes the negative effects of generalizing. Ongoing improvements in hierarchical conduct Authoritative conduct speculations have seen a great deal of changes since their beginning. Customary speculations have been altered and formed to suit the present work environment condition and changing authoritative needs. Different changes in authoritative practices are as underneath: Various associations Globalization on the planet has permitted individuals from various pieces of the world to cooperate in a solitary association. This has prompted the making of assorted workforce. Assorted associations improve authoritative execution as individuals originating from various skills are amalgamated to cooperate (Lynn et. al., 2013). Expanding job of ladies Ladies have begun assuming a significant job in authoritative setting. Today ladies are venturing outside their customary ranges of familiarity as well as exceeding expectations in their particular fields and achieving influential positions in numerous authoritative settings (Safa, 2018). Generally, most associations were male prevailing. Improving innovation Coming of innovation has additionally permitted organizations to develop and has generally sorted out different authoritative practices and strategies. Worker execution assessment and client relationship is currently being completely overseen by innovation and this has prompted expanded effectiveness of the business. Directors are advisors Associations have been taking different endeavors in building long haul associations with their representatives. Prior workers were essentially manikins in the possession of the board. Today, they have a solid state and profound dynamic power. Administrators sort out guiding meetings in their workplaces and attempt to comprehend their representatives better. Representative objectives are very much lined up with hierarchical objectives to urge workers to perform better. To Conclude, Stereotyping is in effect to a great extent embraced by different associations inferable from an increasi

Romanticism - Washington Irving Essays - The Legend Of Sleepy Hollow

Sentimentalism - Washington Irving Sentimentalism is an abstract and aesthetic development of the eighteenth and nineteenth hundreds of years that put an incentive on feeling or creative mind over explanation, on the creative mind over society. A few sources state Romanticism began in response to neo-style, or the Enlightenment. The most significant aftereffect of sentimentalism was the accentuation laid upon the heavenly. A few scholars during this timespan were Mary Shelley with Frankenstein, Edgar Allen Poe with different sonnets and determinations, for example, The Raven, The TellTale Heart, and The Pit and The Pendulum. One individual who greatly affected the Romantic period was Washington Irving. Some called Irving the principal genuine American essayist. Washington Irving was conceived April 3, 1783, in New York City. He was the eleventh offspring of Sarah William Irving. His dad was a severe man, a shipper and minister in the Presbyterian Church. He began school at four years old, yet he never paid attention to it. In any event, when he was more seasoned, he didn't generally think about school. He didn't dazzle any of his instructors as exceptional. It was out of school where his genuine advantages created. His inclinations were more into perusing books of experience and travel. He was truly adept at composing, however. He cherished the theater. His interest with human expressions developed and was energized by one of her sister's beaus (Myers 64). His inclinations in expressions of the human experience and in the venue were evident in his works. Irving didn't wish to set off for college. In spite of the fact that he had extraordinary interests in the theater and expressions of the human experience, his dad anticipated that every one of his children should bolster himself, so Washington chose to be an understudy in a law office. His boss was Ogden Hoffman and Irving became hopelessly enamored with his girl. He likewise composed articles for his sibling's paper, the Morning Chronicle. He marked his articles Jonathon Oldstyle. Later he joined his sibling William and his companion Jim Paulding in making a funny magazine called Salmagundi. In 1809, he distributed Dreidrich Knickerbocker's History of New York. He later went to Europe in 1815. Numerous individuals were on edge to meet him. From 1815-1832, he lived in England, Dresden, Paris, and Spain. In 1819, he distributed The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, which the vast majority see as his most prominent work. This book was an assortment of expositions and stories. Among the accounts it included Tear Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. Both these accounts depended on German legends. He is profoundly acclaimed for these two kids' accounts. Irving composed numerous great choices. In spite of this reality, some state Irving could be viewed as a lesser man than his antecedents. As indicated by Encyclopedia Britannica, He did not have the strict force of Mather, the flexibility of Franklin, the diplomacy of Jefferson, or the commitment of Paine. However he outlasts them all throughout the entire existence of American letters(649). Others consider him to be the principal genuine American artist. Everybody considered him to be such an extraordinary writer in view of The SketchBook. Everybody was perusing it in that time. It was extremely popular. This book set up Irving as a skilled author , one whose rich great taste appeared to come instinctually. While he was making Dreidrich Knickerbocker's History of New York, he was hindered by the abrupt passing of Matilda Hoffman, Ogden Hoffman's little girl. It caused him much melancholy, however sooner or later, he figured out how to live with it. For certain years after the accomplishment of his book, his life appeared to him pretty much random. During these years he went to assortment of interests. He prepared an American release of Thomas Campbell's sonnets, altered the Analectic Magazine and gained a colonelship during the war of 1812.

When Does Drug Use Become an Addiction

When Does Drug Use Become an Addiction Addiction Drug Use Print When Does Drug Use Become an Addiction? By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on January 03, 2017 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on May 28, 2019 Stockbyte / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Drug addiction is a complex and chronic brain disease. People who have a drug addiction experience compulsive, sometimes uncontrollable, craving for their drug of choice. Typically, they will continue to seek and use drugs in spite of experiencing extremely negative consequences as a result of using. Characteristics of Addiction According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), addiction is characterized by:?? Inability to consistently abstain from the substance or rewarding experience (as in gambling, sex, or overeating)Impairment in behavioral controlCraving for the substance or rewarding experienceDiminished recognition of significant problems with your behavior and interpersonal relationshipsA dysfunctional emotional response Although the above five characteristics are usually present in most cases of addiction, ASAM noted that these five features cannot be used to diagnose addiction. Diagnosing addiction requires an assessment by a trained and certified professional. Talk to a doctor or mental health professional if you feel that you may have an addiction or substance abuse problem. The Alarming Signs and Symptoms of Addiction to Watch For Behavioral Manifestations of Addiction When friends and family members are dealing with a loved one who is addicted, it is usually the outward behaviors of the person that are the obvious symptoms of addiction. Those behaviors are primarily centered around the addicts impaired control:?? The excessive frequency of drug use in spite of attempts to controlIncreased time using or recovering from drug effectsContinued use in spite of persistent problemsA narrowing of focus on rewards linked to addictionAn inability to take steps to address the problems The Inability to Abstain Research has shown that prolonged drug use causes a chemical change in the brain of the addict that alters the brains reward system that prompts compulsive drug seeking in the face of growing negative consequences.?? This state of addiction, when the activity continues in spite of negative consequences and despite the fact it is no longer rewarding, is termed by addiction experts the pathological pursuit of rewards.?? It is the result of chemical changes in the reward circuitry of the brain. How Addiction Gets Started The reason that people engage in activity that can become addictive in the first place is either to achieve a feeling of euphoria or to relieve an emotional state of dysphoriaâ€"discomfort, dissatisfaction, anxiety, or restlessness.?? When people drink, take drugs, or participate in other reward-seeking behavior (such as gambling, eating, or having sex) they experience a high that gives them the reward or relief they are seeking. A high is the result of increased dopamine and opioid peptide activity in the brains reward circuits.?? But after the high they experience, there is a neurochemical rebound which causes the reward function of the brain to drop below the original normal level. When the activity is repeated, the same level of euphoria or relief is not achieved. Simply put, the person never really gets as high as they did that first time. Is Stress a Factor of Your Addiction? Lower Highs and Lower Lows Added to the fact that the addicted person  develops a tolerance to the highâ€"requiring more to try to achieve the same level of euphoriaâ€"is the fact that the person does not develop a tolerance to the emotional low they feel afterward.?? Rather than return to normal, the person reverts to a deeper state of dysphoria. When becoming addicted, the person increases  the amount of drugs, alcohol, or the frequency of the addictive behaviors in an effort to get back to that initial euphoric state. But the person ends up experiencing a deeper and deeper low as the brains reward circuitry reacts to the cycle of intoxication and withdrawal. When Reward-Seeking Becomes Pathological According to the American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM), this is the point at which the pursuit of rewards becomes pathological:Reward-seeking becomes compulsive or impulsiveThe behavior ceases to be pleasurableThe behavior no longer provides relief No Longer a Function of Choice To put it another way, the addicted person finds himself compelledâ€"despite his own intentions to stopâ€"to repeat behaviors that are no longer rewarding to try to escape an overwhelming feeling of being ill at ease but find no relief. According to ASAM, at this point addiction is no longer solely a function of choice.?? Consequently, the state of addiction is a miserable place to be, for the addict and for those around him. Chronic Disease and Relapses For many addicts, addiction can become a chronic illness, meaning that they can have relapses similar to relapses that can happen with other chronic diseasesâ€"such as diabetes, asthma,  and hypertensionâ€"when patients fail to comply with their treatment.?? These relapses can occur even after long periods of abstinence. The addict can take action to enter remission again. But he remains at risk of another relapse. The ASAM notes Without treatment or engagement in recovery activities, addiction is progressive and can result in disability or premature death.?? Why Addiction Is a Brain Disease and Not Just Bad Choices

What Moral Obligation Do The Laws Of One s Own Country

What moral obligation do I have to obey the law? Aside from wanting to avoid punishment for breaking the law, is there a reason why I should follow laws that are put in place? Agreement, gratitude, and fair play are the three main arguments that can be used for obeying the laws of one s own country. Though it’s more difficult to apply these certain arguments in relation to a foreigner just visiting a new country, they’re still relevant. Just because they are applicable, it doesn’t mean that there aren’t also arguments that can make them invalid. The understanding that a citizen owes a debt to the government for providing them with benefits is the main argument of gratitude. Gratitude is easier to argue when it comes to your own country because of the idea that as a citizen you feel obligated to the government for providing you with opportunities to have a good life. I feel indebted to my government; therefore, I’ll obey the laws. Socrates, for instance, relies on the argument of gratitude as one of his reasoning’s why he won’t disobey the law even if he was wrongly accused of a crime he didn’t commit. He states, â€Å"Did we not give you life in the first place? Was it not through us that your father and married your mother and begot you? Tell us, have you any complaint against†¦ laws which deal with children’s upbringing and education such as you yourself had? Are you grateful to those of laws which were institutes or his end requiring your father to give you a cultural andShow More RelatedApplying the D.E.C.I.D.E Model of Decision Making1339 Words   |  6 PagesThis paper explores the legal, ethical and moral issues of three healthcare colleagues by applying the D-E-C-I-D-E model as a foundation of decision making as found in Thompson, Melia, and Boyd (2006). 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Skills Required for Effective Time Management Essay

Time management is a key essential that ensures any working environment runs efficiently and smoothly, without it there is no structure to your working day. If time management can be mastered then your workload can be achieved successfully. In this essay I will examine a number of the skills required for effective time management. Planning is of the utmost importance in time management, without it we don?t have a clear vision of what needs to be achieved and within what time frame. It is therefore vital that this is the first step, and in order to ensure you cover all areas that require your attention. Planning Planning your day or week can be daunting to many people. Some managers are born to it and some will struggle. To†¦show more content†¦Assertiveness can sometimes lead to aggression if not controlled, therefore practise is required to prevent this. 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Kinesiology Free Essays

The movement that the paper shall discuss is the ‘hammer throw’ â€Å"The modern or Olympic hammer throw is an athletic throwing event where the object to be thrown is a heavy steel ball attached with wire (maximum 4 ft (1.22 m) to a handle.† (Farlex Inc. We will write a custom essay sample on Kinesiology or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2007, p.1) The objective of the feat is throwing the steel ball at the farthest distance. â€Å"The two most important factors for a far throw are the angle of release and the speed of the ball.† (Farlex Inc., 2007, p.1) For an athlete, it is important for them to be aware of every muscle movement that happens during the process of hammer throw. These phases are important for a smooth transition of muscles from one stage to another to execute a correct and efficient movement. The next part will highlight the five phases involved in hammer throw. In particular, the following phases will determine the relevant muscles involved in the process. The first phase involves the stance phase. There is minimal amount of movement in this phase that is why muscles remain at status quo. â€Å"Due to the minimal amount of movement in this phase, the majority muscle position maintenance throughout the body should be accomplished through isometric contraction.† (www.mhhe.com/floyd16e, p.196) The next phase involves the preparatory phase. In hammer throw, â€Å"concentric contractions occur in their anatagonist muscles in this phase.† (www.mhhe.com/floyd16e, p.196) The joints involved are the shoulder and elbow in which their actions represent a horizontal hyperextension and extension respectively. In addition, the agonists muscles involve in the process are posterior deltoids and latissiumus dorsi and triceps brachii (shoulder and elbow) The third phase talks about the movement phase. â€Å"It is the phase in which the summation of force is generated directly to the ball, sport, object, or opponent, and is usually characterized by near-maximal concentric activity in the involved muscles.† (www.mhhe.com/floyd16e, p.197) With hammer throw, this is the process wherein the person starts rotating the body which is called ‘turns’. â€Å"You must try to utilize inertial forces of the hammer in the single by riding the ball and being passive with the ascending hammer, while avoiding activity with the pelvis and legs.† (Larry, 2000, p. 1) In addition, â€Å"After running through the high point of the hammer, you must complete the turn on the ball of the left foot by actively driving back to double support as soon as possible.† (Larry, 2000, p.1) The next phase involves the follow-through phase. â€Å"In this phase, often referred to as the deceleration phase, the velocity of the body segment progressively decreases, usually over a wide range of motion.† In the process of hammer throw, the joints involved are the shoulder and elbow. The actions involved are a horizontal flexion and flexion for the shoulder and elbow respectively. The agonist muscles involved in the process are (1) anterior deltoids and Pectoralis major for the shoulder and (2) biceps brachii for the elbow. The last phase is the recovery phase. â€Å"The recovery phase is used after follow through to regain balance and positioning to be ready for the next sport demand.† (www.mhhe†¦, p.197) For hammer throw, the individual after the follow through stage slowly goes back to status quo as both muscles in the elbow, shoulder, hips, and legs relax to prepare for the next throw. In the process of hammer throw, an individual might sustain an injury due to lack of stretching or failure to follow the proper process in hammer throw. Injuries related to hammer throwing include (1) strains, (2) cramps, (3) calf muscle injuries, (4) sprains and (5) elbow and shoulder muscle related injuries. Thus, it is very important for a hammer thrower to constantly warm up for the sport and at the same time follows effectively every step mentioned by the coach for injuries to be prevented. References Brainmac. Movement Analysis in Sports Coach. Retrieved October 21, 2007 from http://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm Farlex Inc. (2007) Hammer Throw in The Free Dictionary. Retrieved October 21, 2007 from http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Hammer+throwing Judge, L. (2000) A Technique Analysis of the Hammer Throw for Men Women. Retrieved Kinesiology. Retrieved October 21, 2007 from http://www.mhhe.com/floyd16e How to cite Kinesiology, Essay examples Kinesiology Free Essays Al Reyes married and has a step child and I child of his own has done a lot in his lifetime. His jobs vary from working in a cubicle in his early year to coaching high school sports teams to now teaching and coaching the water polo team at Santa Ana College. His life stories have had a vastly large impact on me, he made me realize that life is not always about money, although with it life would be a lot easier, but all you really need is people and things you love and your set. We will write a custom essay sample on Kinesiology or any similar topic only for you Order Now What I really enjoyed bout having him in the class was that he made you listen but not in the way an average teacher would he made you intrigued in whatever it was he was talking about. Although I don’t want to become a teacher later in life he made me rethink this. Response to Brian: I agree with Brian I have put a lot of thought into becoming a teacher/coach but never knew what to teach/coach and who for. Mr. Reyes has shed some light and has really been making me think hard, asking myself if teaching is actually what I want to do with my life. Have little money but be content with what I’m doing, impacting kids lives in such a way that they don’t even know, it sounds just about equally awarding to me. My high School basketball coach/Spanish teacher has changed my life in so many ways, from being captain of her basketball teaching me the importance of teamwork, dedication and hard work can take you a long way to my teacher making me work hard. She was also very close to me I considered her more as a friend in ways she was always looking out for me, driving me to go to college, finding me a place to live. If I change someones life the way she has changed mine I know life will be amazing. How to cite Kinesiology, Essay examples

Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth Essay free essay sample

Nurture vs. Nature â€Å"It is not flesh and blood but the heart which makes us fathers and sons† – Johan Schiller. When we are born into a family, we inherit a blood relationship that ties us to our relatives but there is something else that creates a real family. Though blood is what initially unites a child to their ancestors, it is the people who raise, love and care for us as children that become our true family. In Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth, Janice was born into a native family but at only a year old, she was torn away from it and raised by white parents whom she began to consider her mother and father. In the story, she explains the impact of her adoption in the following quote: â€Å"Janice: ‘I was born here but don’t feel at home here [†¦] She’s family and I’m not because the Children’s Aid Society took me away’† (Drew Hayden Taylor, 90). We will write a custom essay sample on Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She also speaks of how hard it was to adapt once she learned the truth: â€Å"Janice: ‘I wanted to belong here so bad. [†¦] But from the moment I arrived, I knew I didn’t belong’† (Drew Hayden Taylor, 99). Although Janice was given birth to by a loving and caring mother who would have raised her wonderfully, she was taken away before she was old enough to form a bond with her. On the other hand, her adoptive parents raised her to be a good person and she grew to love them as her family. As the above quotes depict, 35 years later, learning the truth of her biological family for the first time, Barb expects Janice to put all of her trust in them because they are related by blood. I agree with Janice who believes that even if Barb is her defined version of family, it’s difficult to jump into a sister relationship when they hardly know one another. It takes a lot more than a mere technicality to call someone your sister. This situation can be related to a story belonging to one of my friends. When she was born, her father abandoned her and her mother. At an extremely young age, she was supplied with a stepfather who helped raise her and is now considered by her as a real dad. Recently, the biological father tried to reach out to this friend of mine but she doesn’t consider him family because they share nothing besides blood. Without his love and care growing up, he is not much more to her than a stranger. He wasn’t there to read her bedtime stories, see her graduate from middle  school, or hear her talk about her first boyfriend. Any sort of bonding tradition, like her family’s annual barbeque, wasn’t shared with this man. In her eyes, and I share the same opinion, the two of them cannot simply jump into a father-daughter relationship that didn’t exist her entire life. Growing up at a far distance from your real family can make it tough to share a bond, but it can be just as difficult when you are living in the same community. Another character affected in the play Only Drunks and Children Tell the Truth is Tonto. After his mother passes away from alcohol abuse, he doesn’t have parents to be cared for by because his father often works in the city for long periods of time. Another family, on the same reserve as the one where he was born, therefore adopted Tonto. He still got the chance to see his dad every so often but other parents raised him. When his new parents gave birth to another son, he considered the resulting baby, Rodney, his brother. Tonto is proud to speak of his parentage: â€Å"Tonto: ‘I was placed with the Stones at the age of five and bang, here I am twenty-seven years later, a fine human being’† (Drew Hayden Taylor, 56-57). He also speaks of his real father: â€Å"Tonto: ‘The truth is, we’re kinda related. Both being raised by other people.’ Janice: ‘And you go to see your Father.’ Tonto: ‘Oh yeah, every month or so’† (Drew Hayden Taylor, 57). As said in the quote, Tonto was raised such a short distance from his father but, growing up in a home with other caretakers, he still didn’t see much of his dad. The adoptive parents were very good to Tonto and the birth of another son, Rodney, made the four people become a family. They didn’t all share biological genes but their bond was nonreversible. An example of this indestructible connection is how Tonto accompanies his brother on a long car ride to break into an apartment. Tonto doesn’t owe anything to Barb or Janice but he wants to help his brother. A separate text that I could relate this to is the Harry Potter series. The young boy named Harry, after the murder of his parents, grew up in a home of blood relatives who did not nurture him. This made him feel no connection to his aunt, uncle or cousin. When he learns his true identity as a wizard and enters the magical world however, he meets people who continue to raise him until he is a man. Ron, Hermione, other caring friends, and the school Hogwarts itself all turn out  to be his real family. â€Å"He wanted to be stopped, to be dragged back, to be sent back home†¦ But he was home. Hogwarts was the first and best home he had known† (JK Rowling, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, 558). To conclude this essay, I would like to sum up the fact that family is a complex word to define. Conversely, it’s simple to me that genes can only hold together a group of people for so long until love and nurture are what really begin to count.

Days of Terrorism essays

Days of Terrorism essays Violent acts such as bombings, assassinations, and hi-jacking are known to be described as terrorist actions. Terrorism is a growing international problem and governments have had little success to resolve issues in which terrorism is used. September 11, 2001, one of the most important dates I will remember throughout my life. It was morning just as I woke up to get ready for school. I was tired and didnt know what was going on. The television was on and the Chinese news was broadcasting live coverage of what is happening to the World Trade Center. The reporter reported that some terrorists hi-jacked an airplane and crashed into the building. When I first watched the news of this live coverage, I knew something was wrong. The Chinese News does not usually talk about United States news that early in the program. When I arrived at homeroom, a television was on broadcasting the same news. At this point, I got more interested in this topic. Because my first block was social studies and the teacher is my homeroom teacher, she allowed the class to watch the coverage live. Later during the coverage, the program announced that another airplane have crashed into the second tower of the World Trade Center. Shortly a fter the announcement, the bell rang and never thought about it until the very next day when the social studies teacher gave out several newspapers from the Times Colonist. At that time, I knew I should not forget about this incident. A lot of people around the world probably have tuned into a news channel during that day. As war on terrorism continues on, I expect many people will tune in to the news as well. ...

Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812

Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 The Battle of the Thames was fought October 5, 1813, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). In the wake of the American victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, Major General William Henry Harrisons army recaptured Detroit before crossing into Canada. Outnumbered, British commander Major General Henry Proctor elected to withdraw east with his Native American allies. On October 5, he turned his army and made a stand near Moraviantown. In the resulting battle, his army was routed and the famed Native American leader Tecumseh was killed. The victory secured the United States northwest frontier for the remainder of the war. Background ​Following the fall of Detroit to Major General Isaac Brock in August 1812, American forces in the Northwest endeavored to recapture the settlement. This was badly hampered due to British naval forces controlling Lake Erie. As a result, Major General William Henry Harrisons Army of the Northwest was forced to remain on the defensive while the U.S. Navy constructed a squadron at Presque Isle, PA. As these efforts progressed, American forces suffered a severe defeat at Frenchtown (River Raisin) as well as endured a siege at Fort Meigs. In August 1813, the American squadron, commanded by Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry emerged from Presque Isle. Outnumbered and out-gunned, Commander Robert H. Barclay withdrew his squadron to the British base at Amherstburg to await the completion of HMS Detroit (19 guns). Taking control Lake Erie, Perry was able to cut off the British supply lines to Amherstburg. With the logistical situation worsening, Barclay sailed out to challenge Perry in September. On September 10, the two clashed at the Battle of Lake Erie. After a bitter fought engagement, Perry captured the entire British squadron and sent a dispatch to Harrison stating, We have met the enemy and they are ours. With control of the lake firmly in American hands, Harrison embarked the bulk of his infantry aboard Perrys ships and sailed to recapture Detroit. His mounted forces advanced along the lake shore (Map). The British Retreat At Amherstburg, the British ground commander, Major General Henry Proctor, began planning to withdraw east to Burlington Heights at the western end of Lake Ontario. As part of his preparations, he quickly abandoned Detroit and nearby Fort Malden. Though these moves were opposed by the leader of his Native American forces, the famed Shawnee chief Tecumseh, Proctor proceeded as he was badly outnumbered and his supplies were dwindling. Detested by the Americans as he had allowed the Native Americans to butcher prisoners and wounded after the Battle of Frenchtown, Proctor began retreating up the Thames River on September 27. As the march progressed, the morale of his forces fell and his officers became increasingly dissatisfied with his leadership. Fast Facts: Battle of the Thames Conflict: War of 1812 (1812-1815)Dates: October 5, 1813Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General William Henry Harrison3,760 menGreat Britain and Native AmericansMajor General Henry ProctorTecumseh1,300 menCasualties:United States: 10-27 killed, and 17-57 woundedGreat Britain 12-18 killed, 22-35 wounded, and 566-579 capturedNative Americans: 16-33 killed Harrison Pursues A veteran of Fallen Timbers and the victor of Tippecanoe, Harrison landed his men and re-occupied Detroit and Sandwich. After leaving garrisons at both locations, Harrison marched out with around 3,700 men on October 2 and began pursuing Proctor. Pushing hard, the Americans began to catch up to the tired British and numerous stragglers were captured along the road. Reaching a location near Moraviantown, a Christian Native American settlement, on October 4, Proctor turned and prepared to meet Harrisons approaching army. Deploying his 1,300 men, he placed his regulars, largely elements of the 41st Regiment of Foot, and one cannon on the left along the Thames while Tecumsehs Native Americans were formed on the right with their flank anchored on a swamp. Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Public Domain Proctors line was interrupted by a small swamp between his men and Tecumsehs Native Americans. To extend his position, Tecumseh lengthened his line into the large swamp and pushed it forward. This would allow it to strike the flank of any attacking force. Approaching the next day, Harrisons command consisted of elements of the U.S. 27th Infantry Regiment as well as a large corps of Kentucky volunteers led by Major General Isaac Shelby. A veteran of the American Revolution, Shelby had commanded troops at the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780. Shelbys command consisted of five brigades of infantry as well as Colonel Richard Mentor Johnsons 3rd Regiment of Mounted Riflemen (Map). Proctor Routed Nearing the enemy position, Harrison placed Johnsons mounted forces along the river with his infantry inland. Though he initially intended to launch an assault with his infantry, Harrison changed his plan when he saw that the 41st Foot had deployed as skirmishers. Forming his infantry to cover his left flank from Native American attacks, Harrison instructed Johnson to attack the main enemy line. Splitting his regiment into two battalions, Johnson planned to lead one against the Native Americans above the small swamp, while his younger brother, Lieutenant Colonel James Johnson, led the other against the British below. Moving forward, the younger Johnsons men charged down the river road with Colonel George Paulls 27th Infantry in support. Battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813. Library of Congress Striking the British line, they quickly overwhelmed the defenders. In less than ten minutes of fighting, the Kentuckians and Paulls regulars drove off the British and captured Proctors one cannon. Among those who fled was Proctor. To the north, the elder Johnson attacked the Native American line. Led by a forlorn hope of twenty men, the Kentuckians soon became engaged in bitter battle with Tecumsehs warriors. Ordering his men to dismount, Johnson remained in the saddle urging his men forward. In the course of the fighting he was wounded five times. As the fighting raged, Tecumseh was killed. With Johnsons horsemen bogged down, Shelby directed some of his infantry to advance to their aid. As the infantry came up, the Native American resistance began to collapse as word of Tecumsehs death spread. Fleeing into the woods, the retreating warriors were pursued by cavalry led by Major David Thompson. Seeking to exploit the victory, American forces pressed on and burned Moraviantown despite the fact that its Christian Munsee inhabitants had played no role in the fighting. Having won a clear victory and destroyed Proctors army, Harrison elected to return to Detroit as the enlistments of many of his men were expiring. Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of the Thames Harrisons army suffered 10-27 killed, and 17-57 wounded. British losses totaled 12-18 killed, 22-35 wounded, and 566-579 captured, while their Native American allies lost 16-33 killed. Among the Native American dead were Tecumseh and the Wyandot chief Roundhead. The exact circumstances regarding Tecumsehs death are not known though stories quickly circulated that Richard Mentor Johnson killed the Native American leader. Though he never personally claimed credit, he used the myth during later political campaigns. Credit has also been given to Private William Whitley. The victory at the Battle of the Thames saw American forces effectively take control of the Northwest frontier for the remainder of the war. With Tecumsehs death, much of the Native American threat in the region was eliminated and Harrison was able to conclude truces with many of the tribes. Though a skilled and popular commander, Harrison resigned the following summer after disagreements with Secretary of War John Armstrong.

Teenage Alcoholism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Teenage Alcoholism - Research Paper Example However, when excessive drinking and drinking binges are resorted to, that’s when the trouble starts. A drinking binge can actually lead to alcohol poisoning which can kill a person. â€Å"Alcoholism is a disease that develops over time. It can be treated, but not cured† (Graves 18). II. Causes/Sources Most teens drink alcohol because of peer pressure and want to feel accepted by their close buddies. They feel that if their friends do it, they should too. Sometimes, they want to fit in to the group to achieve popularity in school and be branded as â€Å"cool†. On the other hand, â€Å"many teens drink hoping to find relief from boredom, loneliness, anger, unhappiness or pressure. While the other teenagers perceive drinking as a sign of maturity† (Graves 15). The feeling of maturity gives the teens a temporary license to do whatever they please. Teens are also influenced by the adults surrounding them. Even as young children, when they see their parents are engage in alcohol abuse, they tend to become like them in the future. â€Å"They have a misconception that drinking is an acceptable norm as they see it inside their homes†(Graves 16). Trouble in the home which often times lead to family conflicts, pushes the teens to become alcoholics. Another valid cause which can heavily influence teens is a captivating and luring advertisement. Teens are generally attracted to what they see on television, on the internet, on magazines or even while listening to rock music. Media plays a major role to sway a teen-ager’s choice. â€Å"Television programs an movies often portray drinking in a positive vein, too† (Hyde 13). Most of the time, teens make the wrong options because they do things for the off beam reasons. They are only guided by the way... Most teens drink alcohol because of peer pressure and want to feel accepted by their close buddies. They feel that if their friends do it, they should too. Sometimes, they want to fit into the group to achieve popularity in school and be branded as â€Å"cool†. On the other hand, â€Å"many teens drink hoping to find relief from boredom, loneliness, anger, unhappiness or pressure. While the other teenagers perceive drinking as a sign of maturity† (Graves 15). The feeling of maturity gives the teens a temporary license to do whatever they please.Teens are also influenced by the adults surrounding them. Even as young children, when they see their parents are engaged in alcohol abuse, they tend to become like them in the future. â€Å"They have a misconception that drinking is an acceptable norm as they see it inside their homes†(Graves 16). Trouble in the home which often times lead to family conflicts pushes the teens to become alcoholics.Teens are generally attra cted to what they see on television, on the internet, on magazines or even while listening to rock music. Media plays a major role to sway a teenager's choice. â€Å"Television programs movies often portray drinking in a positive vein, too† (Hyde 13). Most of the time, teens make the wrong options because they do things for the off beam reasons. They are only guided by the way that they feel at the certain moment and fail to use logical basis before arriving at a decision. Examples of these are the fraudulent advertisements which promise joy and pleasure.

A rhetorical analysis on How Society in the United States Views Research Paper - 1

A rhetorical analysis on How Society in the United States Views Abortion and what impact the media has on that view - Research Paper Example Iyengar, Shanto; Hahn, Kyu S. Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. Journal of Communication, 59.1 (2009): 19-39 - This article is geared towards showing that the public is always aligned towards media houses that cover news that are aligned to their political interests. It follows then that there is a partial selectivity on the news that people on National television due to a perceived bias. Such a trend is worrying and may erroneously inform the public which negatively impacts the society. The article concentrates on proliferation of biased media houses which is important for this paper in the abortion debate perception. National Survey of State Laws. Abortion. 16th Nov 2012. Web 2008 http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/abortion.aspx - This is the primary text that provides information about the different legislations that govern the abortion debate. Most of these legislations are quite controversial and they have led to a polarized public with two extreme views on the debate. Rohlinger, Deana A. "Friends and foes: Media, politics, and tactics in the abortion war." Social Problems 53.4 (2006): 537-561 - This paper concentrates on how politics and the media interplay to inform the public about the abortion debate. Both politics and media strategies influence each other in presenting facts about sensitive debates touching on the US public. The media on its part employs different tactics to bring out their messages to the public which influences perceptions of controversial issues in US. As such, this article provides important information on the broad tactics used by media and enhances knowledge on the dynamics of politics in the abortion debate. Weitz, Tracy A., and Yanow Susan. â€Å"Implications of the Federal Abortion Ban for Womens Health in the United States.† Reproductive Health Matters, 16.31 (2008): 99-107 - Authors of this article expound on the impacts of the Partial Birth

Criminal Justice Organizations And Challenges Faced

Criminal Justice Organizations And Challenges Faced In the world of criminal justice organizations, leaders are facing challenges that have become a part of the daily routine. Criminal justice organizations consist of corrections, courts, and the police. These organizations each have an important role in the criminal justice system that results in the leadership of each organization. This paper will explain some of these challenges of the leaders and steps that can be taken to affect change for the future. Leadership The ability to effectively lead a group of followers making the organization and the followers successful is leadership. An individual must have dedication, commitment and not be afraid of taking in leadership. In leadership, learning and communication skills are important in the accomplishing these tasks while still being able to maintain valid ideas and principles. To ensure their success, leader must know how to treat the followers. In addition, leaders should know how to motivate others and stay consistent their values, morals and ethical standards (Schermerhorn, Hunt, Osborn, Uhl-Blen, 2010). Challenges There are many challenges that leaders face in criminal justice organizations. Some of these challenges include increased criminal activity, staffing, budgeting, legal and political, terrorism, conflict and power, communication, and ethical and moral issues. Most of these challenges relate to other challenges. Resolving one challenge may help resolve another challenge. Criminal activity increases as the population increases. Police officers, the courts and other criminal justice organizations are not able to protect and serve the public and ensure safety because of the shortage of professionals. Hiring additional staff or introducing more community programs is necessary to help reduce criminal activity. The question of additional staff brings another challenge of budgeting. Leadership in criminal organizations is battling shortfalls in the budget which brings about staffing and equipment shortages. Politically, state judges and prosecutors are in position from election votes. When applicable the election can bring in new appointments and result in a number of changes within criminal justice organizations. In terms of legal challenges, the changing of laws, policies and procedures can be become a challenge in enforcement and being aware of political alliances (Duelin, 2010). Conflict and power are two other challenges that leaders face in the criminal justice agencies. The conflict occurs among the variety of agencies inside the criminal justice system. An example is between the courts and the police. The police have a job to uphold protection and safety, so they may make arrests charging individuals with crimes with the hope that these individuals are prosecuted and punished for these crimes. On the other hand, the courts decide what the punishment should be and how it is carried out. These two agencies do not have the same goals and this becomes a conflict. The police and courts have a substantial amount of power with these responsibilities. Leadership for these criminal justice agencies must balance this power with fairness (Duelin, 2010). Another leadership challenge is communication. The barriers of communication are individual and organizational. Individual barriers relate to how an individual interprets a conversation or message. Organizational barriers relate to the culture of an organization. Leadership includes being an effective communicator. An effective communicator will have the ability to handle these barriers. Within the criminal justice system, organizations have different jargon which is a part of their culture. This can make it very difficult to communicate with other organizations. Another communication barrier is between the professionals in the criminal justice organizations and the public. With the increasing population, our society includes many races, nationalities, cultures and languages. The ability to communicate with the public is essential. Other important leadership challenges are ethical and moral standards. Ethics allows us a way to make moral choices at times when we are uncertain of what to do in a situation involving moral issues. In the criminal justice system, ethics is important in management and policy decisions that relate to punishment and the rationality in making decisions. These decisions regarding punishment are to rehabilitate, deter or impose imprisonment. A criminal justice organization consists of professionals that carry power and authority over others and in some case have authority to use force and physical coercion against others. Ethical rules and responsibilities are given to these professionals as the law or accepted standards of behavior that require them to be aware of these ethical standards while performing their duties. To avoid any attempt to abuse power, ethics are crucial in decision making that involves discretion, force, and due process. Domestic terrorism is the greatest challenge for criminal justice organization. Since 9/11, safety and security is a top priority. Every role in the criminal justice system is affected by terrorism. Although a number of new policies and procedure have been put into place to help ensure the safety of all, terrorism is an ongoing challenge. Employees from many criminal and correctional agencies are away from their regular jobs and are serving active duty for the military regarding the war on terrorism. This means these departments are suffering and have a lack of security. Other employees such as the local police and persecutors have to take more prominent roles in the investigation and prosecution of crimes that would normally be the responsibility of federal law enforcement (Daniels, 2002). Affecting Change for the Future Criminal justice professionals can affect changes in the future by reducing the opportunity for crime, changing peopleà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s fundamental values, nurturing these values into the youth, and motivating the people responsible for crime will reduce the likelihood of future criminal behavior. Continuing to use the advancement of technology such as DNA analysis, forensic testing, surveillance, stoplight cameras, biometrics, and radio frequency identification microchips will continue to enhance crime solving and prevention. Also increasing the intelligence of databases for use by the general public in addition to the use by analysts and police officers will help educate and make the public aware of criminal activity. A current example of this is the sex offender registries and access to inmate information (Ritter, 2006). In terms of improving communication and information-sharing, the Office of Justice Programs is working together with the FBI to widen access to the Regional Information Sharing System and the FBIà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s Law Enforcement Online system to combine the operations of the two systems. This will allow the RISS program to network a variety of different federal and state law enforcement information-sharing to create a secure network that can share information at levels of the government in law enforcement (Daniels, 2002). In order to facilitate change, hiring additional criminal justice professionals and providing excellent training skills will be a necessity. The training should consist of ethical and cultural standards, policies and procedures, weapons, equipment, and communications skills. The Police Service program has volunteers and the program works to increase the citizen volunteers in law enforcement agencies. This allows the law enforcement professionals to be available to perform their front-line duties. In additions, it allows the law enforcement agencies to enhance existing programs and start new programs while expanding ways to use citizen volunteers (Daniels, 2002). In terms of terrorism, criminal justice organizations must stay alert in linking terrorism to other crimes. These crimes include cybercrime, drug trafficking and identity theft. In the 9/11 situation, drug trafficking was the source of finance for the terrorists, the hijackers stole the identity of innocent victims to start and build credit and bank accounts to cover terrorist activities. Law enforcementà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s determination of cybercrime was found. The terrorists were using computers to attach banking networks, and defense system computers. The internet is the method chosen by terrorist organizations to communicate with members by e-mail and to raise funds. A balance between neighborhood security and national security must be made. In creating this balance maximizing our resources will allow the continuation of making advances on both sides. This means that criminal justice organizations at every level will have to work together to resolve the terrorism challenge. Conclusion Leadership is an important aspect in criminal justice organizations. Challenges arise on a daily basis. Addressing organizational change including more cooperation between the community and law enforcers, and the institution and advancement of technology in law enforcement, and more training will help alleviate some of the current challenges and help with future challenges.

What Are the Problems Faced by Indian Educational System

What Is The Biggest Problem Facing Our Educational System Today? Education is a vast and broad subject, and has been a topic open to discussion for many centuries. In the broadest sense of the term, education is any experience or exposure to an act that will have a formative and learned effect on a person's character and mind. Modern education tends to mean the process by which a society will teach and pass on its broad knowledge, skill and values, from one generation to another.Education itself can fall into many categories, ranging from those that many will be aware of such as schools, colleges and universities, through to adult education and indigenous education. Educational systems are always likely to be affected by a number of economic factors. Monetary wise, funding and budgeting for education has always been a factor that faces governments worldwide.Education is essential for economic growth, theorist have found that a higher rate of teaching and education in society has a po sitive affect on the growth of a nation. Other problems that may face an educational system include the differentiation between students who attend public and private schools. Those who can afford private school are often seen to be given the best education possible, while children from a less privileged background are forced to attend public schools, which by default may not have as good a quality of teaching.Though in many examples this is not the case, the long standing stereotype still rings true in modern society, as those from a wealthier family often seem to progress further and quicker up the job ladder. Alternatively, other factors facing educational systems include a decrease in funding, larger class sizes, reduction in teaching staff and safety in schools

Process Of Determining A Regression Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3039 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Essay any type Did you like this example? The process of determining a regression or prediction equation to predict Y from X , with all the method of least squares. In the resulting regression line, the sum of the squared discrepancies between the actual dependent values and the corresponding values predicted by the line are as small as possible, hence the name least squares' (Hassard, 1991). The estimated regression equation is: Y = ß0 + ß1X1 + ß2X2 + ß3D + à ª Where the ßs are the OLS estimates of the Bs. OLS minimizes the sum of the squared residuals OLS minimizes SUM à ª2 The residual, à ª, is the difference between the actual Y and the predicted Y and has a zero mean. In other words, OLS calculates the slope coefficients so that the difference between the predicted Y and the actual Y is minimized. The residuals are squared so as to compare negative errors to positive errors more easily. The properties are: 1. The regression line defined by 1 and 2 passes through the means of the observed values 2. The mean of the predicted Ys for the sample will equal the mean of the observed Ys for the sample. 3. The sample mean of the residuals will be 0. 4. The correlation between the residuals and the predicted values of Y will be 0. 5. The correlation between the residuals and the observed values of X will be 0. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Process Of Determining A Regression Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Stationarity Stationarity can be defined as a time series yt is covariance (or weakly) stationary if, in support of if, its mean and variance are both finite and outside of time, and the auto-covariance doesnt overgrow time, for those t and t-s, 1. Finite mean E (yt) = E (yt-s) =  µ 2. Finite variance Var (yt) = E [(yt- µ) 2] = E [(yt-s  µ) 2] = 3. Finite auto-covariance Cov (yt, yt-s) = E [(yt- µ) (yt-s  µ)] = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³s Non-Stationarity The variance is time dependent and visits infinity as time strategies to infinity. A time series which is not stationary depending on mean can be done stationary by differencing. Differencing is a popular and effective method of removing a stochastic trend from a series. Nonstationarity in a time series occurs individuals no constant mean, no constant variance or those two properties. It could possibly originate from various sources nevertheless the most crucial one is the unit root. Unit root Any sequence that contains one or more characteristic roots which can be comparable to is known as a unit root process. The most convenient model which will contain a unit root may be the AR (1) model. Look at the autoregressive process of order one, AR (1), below Yt = ÃÆ'†°Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸Yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt Where ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt denotes a serially uncorrected white-noise error term which has a mean of zero and also a constant variance If ÃÆ'†°Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸ = 1, becomes a random walk without drift model, that is certainly, a nonstationary process. 2, we face precisely what is called the unit root problem. This means that were facing a scenario of nonstationarity in the series. If, however, ÃÆ'†°Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¸ 1, then this series Yt is stationary. The stationarity on the series is essential because correlation could persist in nonstationary time series whether or not the sample is quite large and might end in what is called spurious (or nonsense) regression (Yule, 1989). The unit root problem can be solved, or stationarity can be performed, by differencing the info set (Wei, 2006). Testing of Stationarity If the time series features a unit root, the series is considered to be non-stationary. Tests which may be helpful to confirm the stationarity are: 1. Partial autocorrelation function and Ljung and Box statistics. 2. Unit root tests. To check the stationarity and when there may be presence of unit root inside the series, one of the most famous with the unit root tests are the ones derived by Dickey and Fuller and described in Fuller (1976), also Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) or said-Dickey test has become mostly used. Dickey-Fuller (DF) test: Dickey and Fuller (DF) considered the estimation of the parameter ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± from the models: 1. A simple AR (1) model is: yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥ 2. Yt =  µ + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt 3. Yt =  µ + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt It si assumed that y0 = 0 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ~ independent identically distributed, i.i.d (0, ÃÆ' Ãƒâ€ Ã¢â‚¬â„¢2) The hypotheses are: H0: ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± = 1 H1: |ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±| 1 The ADF test may be tested on at the least three possible models: (i) A pure random walk without a drift. This is defined by while using constraint ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±= 0, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² = 0 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ = 0. This may lead to the equation ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt = ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt The Equation above is a nonstationary series because its variance grows with time (Pfaff, 2006). (ii) A random walk with a drift. This is obtained by imposing the constraint ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² = 0 and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ = 0 which yields to the equation ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt (iii) A deterministic trend with a drift. For ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   0, becomes the following deterministic trend with a drift model ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²t + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒâ€¹Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  yt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt The sign of the drift parameter (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±) causes the series to wander upward if positive and downward if negative, whereas the length of the value aspects the steepness of the series (Pfaff, 2006). Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF): Augmented Dickey-Fuller test can be an augmented version on the Dickey-Fuller test to accommodate some varieties of serial correlation and useful for an increased and much more complicated list of time series models. If you find higher order correlation then ADF test is used but DF is utilized for AR (1) process. The testing strategy of the ADF test matches for that Dickey-Fuller test but we look at the AR (p) equation: yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  t à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  y à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  iyt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt Assume that there is for the most part one unit root, thus the operation is unit root non-stationary. After reparameterize this equation, we get equation for AR (p):  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  t à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¡Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  i Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  yt-i à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥t Each version from the test have their critical value which will depend on how big the sample. In each case, the null hypothesis is we have a unit root, ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ³ = 0. Within tests, critical values are calculated by Dickey and Fuller and is also dependent upon whether it has an intercept and, or deterministic trend, be it a DF or ADF test. Test has problems. Its got low statistical power to reject a unit root, and power is reduced by having the lagged differences. The ADF test is also affected by size distortions that occur every time a large first-order moving average component exists inside the time series. Diebold and Rudebusch (1991) show the test has low power against the alternative of fractionally integrated series. Perron (1989, 1993) show that whenever a period of time series is generated by way of a procedure that is stationary in regards to broken trend, standard DF tests of an I(1) null might have very lower power. Alternatively, Leybourne, Mills and Newbold ( 1998) show that after a moment series is generated by way of a process that is I(1), however intense break, routine putting on the DF test may result in a severe problem of spurious rejection on the null when the break is at the outset of the sample period. Granger Causality test Granger (1980) Granger causality measures whether one thing happens before another thing and helps predict it and nothing else. Grangers definition1 for probabilistic causality assumes three basic axioms: (1) The cause must precede the effect in time, (2) The cause contains some unique information concerning the effects future value, (3) While the strength of causal relations may vary over time, their existence and direction are time-invariant (Granger, 1980; 1988a, b). The general definition for probabilistic causality: If F (Yt+jÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ut) ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ °Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   F (YT+jÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ut Xt), Then Xt causes Yt+j; states that if the j-step-ahead (where j represents the time delay between the perceived cause and effect) conditional probability distribution (P) of random variable Yt+j in period t + j is changed by removal of X from the universal information set (U) existing in period 1, then X, causes U, would contain all possible information in existence up to and including period t. Xt, would contain all past and present values of variable X. The change would be due to some unique information Xt, has concerning Ys future distribution. If X occurs, and X and Y arc causally related, Ys probability of future occurrence changes. Note that Ut, includes Y, so that Xt, contains some information about the value of future Y not found in past or present Y (Granger, 1980; 1988a, b). The general definition implies that if a variable X causes variable Y, then if one is trying to forecast a distribution of future Y, one will frequently he better off using the information contained in past and present valu es of X (Granger, 1980; 1988a, b). GRANGER (1980), noting the absence of a universally accepted definition for causality, offered a probabilistic definition which he suggested might be useful in econometric research. Granger (1980) proposed two operational definitions which he derived from his general one. The first he referred to as causality-in-mean. The second he referred to as full causality or causality-in-distribution. Full causality is preferred to mean causality when decision-making populations are characterized by non-linear utility functions (Ressler and Kling, 1990). Ashley et al. (1980) proposed and applied a method of testing for a mean causal relationship between two variables. Given a prior belief that X caused Y, mean causality was inferred if the mean squared error of a one-step-ahead point forecast of Y from a bivariate model (an information set of past and present Y and X) was significantly less than that from a univariate model (past and present Y) over the sa me out-of-sample period. 1 Source TESTING FOR GRANGERS FULL CAUSALITY by Ted Covey and David A.Bessler 2Granger causality tests are mostly used in situations where we are willing to consider 2-dimensional systems. If the data are well described by a 2-dimensional system (no zt variables) the Granger causality concept is likely to be straightforward to think about and to test, noting that there are special problems with testing for Granger causality in co-integrated relations (see Toda and Phillips (1991). Engle and Granger A non-stationary time series of which exhibit a good-term equilibrium relationship tends to be said to become cointegrated. The potential of non-fixed time series to possibly be cointegrated was considered inwards 1970S by Engle and also Granger. Many people define cointegrated specifics in their own paper coming from 1987 in the following approach. Consider two non-stationary time series, yt and xt where each of the time series become stationary after differencing once, i.e. they are both are structured associated with, I(1). These non-stationary time series are then said to be cointegrated of order one-one, CI(1,1) if there exists a cointegrating vector ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ± that in a linear combination of the two variables yields a stationary term ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼t ~ I(0), in the regression ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼t = yt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±xt. Cointegration signifies that these kind of nonstationary specifics contribution an extended operate human relationship, and so the brand new time series from pairing the actual connected non-standing time serial is actually fixed, i.e. the this deviations have limited alternative and also a regular necessarily mean. On the whole, two series are cointegrated when they are both integrated of order d, I(d) along with a linear blend of them includes a lower order of integration, (d-b), where b0. Time series need to be non-stationary to allow them to be able to be cointegrated. Thus, one stationary variable and one non-stationary variable cannot have a long-term co-movement, because the first youve gotten a constant mean and finite variance, whereas your second one does not, hence the gap between your two will not be stationary. But, if there are more than two time series within a system, it is also possible to help them to have different order of integration. Consider three time series, yt ~ I (2), xt ~ I (2), qt ~ I(1). If yt and xt are cointegrated, to ensure that their linear combination brings about a disturbance term ÃƒÆ 'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¼t = yt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±xt that is integrated of order 1, I(1), then it is potentially feasible that ut and qt are cointegrated with resulting stationary disturbance term st = qt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²ut., where ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±,ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² are cointegrating vectors. Generally, with n integrated variables there can potentially exist nearly to n-1 cointegrating vectors. This does not necessarily mean that each one integrated variables are cointegrated. It is possible to find one example is a couple of 1(d) variables that is not cointegrated. If variables are integrated of different orders, they can be cointegrated. However, youll be able to have cointegration with variables of various orders. Pagan and Wickens (1989: 1002) illustrate this point clearly that its possible to uncover cointegration among variables of orders (when there are many than two variables). Enders (2004: 323) agrees with Pagan and Wickens (1989) it is possible to discover cointegration among sets of variables that are integrated of orders. This takes place when there are other than two variables. This is backed up by Harris (1995: 21). Vector Auto-regression (VAR) Vector autoregressions (VARs) were introduced into empirical economics by Sims (1980), who demonstrated that VARs offer a flexible and tractable framework for analyzing economic time series. Vector Auto-regression (VAR) can be an econometric model has been utilized primarily in macroeconomics to capture the connection and independencies between important economic variables. As outlined by Brooks and Tsolacos (2010) one benefit of VAR modeling is the fact that all of the variables are endogenous. Consequently organic meat is capable of capture more features of the results so we are able to use OLS separately on each equation. Brooks and Tsolacos (2010) also talk about Sims (1972) and Mcnees (1986) that VAR models often perform a lot better than traditional structural models. Additionally they indicate some disadvantages, one of these being that VAR models can be a-theoretical by nature. Lag-length determination is a concern critical to finding the most beneficial VAR specification. They cannot rely heavily on economic theory except for selecting variables to be within the VARs. The VAR can be viewed as a method of conducting causality tests, or even more specifically Granger causality tests. VAR can often test the Causality as; Granger-Causality makes it necessary that lagged values of variable X matched to subsequent values in variable Y, keeping constant the lagged values of variable Y and some other explanatory variables. In association with Granger causality, VAR model gives a natural framework to try the Granger causality in between each pair of variables. VAR model estimates and describe the relationships and dynamics of a set of endogenous variables. For a set of n time series variables yt = (y1t, y2t, ymt), a VAR model of order p (VAR (p)) can be written as: yt à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A0 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A1 yt-1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  A2 yt-2 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ®Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ap yt-p à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¥t For just a set of n time series variables yt = (y1t, y2t, ymt), a VAR type of order p (VAR (p)) can be written as: yt = A0 + A1 yt-1 + A2 yt-2 + + Ap yt-p + et Where, p = the quantity of lags to get considered from the system. n = the amount of variables to become considered in the system. yt is definitely an (n.1) vector containing each of the n variables in the VAR. A0 is surely an (n.1) vector of intercept terms. Ai is usually an (n.n) matrix of coefficients. ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt is usually an (n.1) vector of error terms. A critical take into account the specification of VAR models will be the resolution of the lag length of the VAR. Various lag length selection criteria are defined by different authors like, Akaikes (1969) final pred iction error (FPE), Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) suggested by Akaike (1974), Schwarz Criterion (SC) (1978) and Hannan-Quinn Information Criterion (HQ) (1979). Impulse response functions An impulse response function (IRF) traces the consequences of the one-time shock one on the innovations on current and future values with the endogenous variables. If your innovations ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt is contemporaneously uncorrelated, the interpretation on the impulse fact is straightforward. The ith innovation ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi, t is only a shock for the ith endogenous variable yi,t. In accordance with Runkle (1987), reporting impulse response functions without standard error bars matches reporting regression coefficients without t-statistics. In numerous empirical studies impulse response functions are already utilized to distinguish temporal from permanent shocks (Bayoumi and Eichengreen, 1994), in your case theyll be helpful to determine the extent to which every endogenous variable reacts for an innovation of each one variable. Traditionally, VAR studies do not report estimated parameters or standard test statistics. Coefficients of estimated VAR systems are thoug ht of little utilization in themselves plus the high (i.e. P ÃÆ'Æ’- (k ÃÆ'Æ’- k) autoregressive coefficients) number of them will not invite for individual reporting. Instead, the approach of Sims (1980) is usually employed to summarize the estimated VAR systems by IRF. IRF traces out of the effect of your exogenous shock or an innovation in the endogenous variable on each of the endogenous variables in the system as time passes, to provide an answer towards following question: Is there a effect of any shock of size ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´ within the system at time t about the state with the system at time t + ÃÆ' Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¾, without other shocks? Especially, VARs impulse responses mainly examine the way the dependent variables respond to shocks from each independent variable. The accumulated link between units impulses are measured by appropriate summation with the coefficients of the impulse response functions (Lin 2006). However, Lutkepohl and Reimers (1992) stated the traditional impulse response analysis requires orthogonalization of shocks. And also the results vary with the ordering of the variables inside VAR. The greater correlations between residuals are, a lot more important the variable ordering is. So as to overcome this challenge, Pesaran and Shin (1998) developed the generalized impulse response functions which adjust the influence of any different ordering with the variables on impulse response functions. To spot orthogonalised innovations in each one of the variables as well as the dynamic responses to such innovations, the variance-covariance matrix from the VAR was factorized when using the Cholesky decomposition method suggested by Doan (1992). This process imposes an ordering on the variables within the VAR and attributes every one of the outcomes of any common components towards first variable within the VAR system. The impulse response functions are generated by way of a Vector Moving Average (VMA), a representation o f any VAR in standard form with regards to current and past values of the innovations (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt). We derive the VMA, assuming you can find just one lag without constant term. yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1yt-1 +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 is really a matrix of coefficients in the reduced form and ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 is usually a vector of constants. Lagging this method one period and substituting for yt-1: yt = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 (ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 yt-2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt-1) + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt = (I + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1) ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  0 + t-2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt-1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µt if we go on substituting n times, eventually we have the following expression: yt = (I+ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  1 +ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ +0+t-n+1 + t-i

Breaking Down the Pros and Cons of Grade Retention

Grade retention is a process in which a teacher believes that it would benefit a student to keep them in the same grade for two consecutive years. Retaining a student is not an easy decision and should not be taken lightly. Parents often find the decision agonizing, and it can be difficult for some parents to climb entirely on board. It is necessary to note that any retention decision should be made after much evidence is collected and after several meetings with parents. It is essential that you do not spring it on them at the final parent/teacher conference of the year. If grade retention is a possibility, it should be brought up early in the school year. However, intervention and frequent updates should be the focal point for most of the year. What Are Some Reasons to Retain a Student? There are many reasons that a teacher may feel that retention is necessary for a particular student. The biggest reason is typically the development level of a child. Students enter school at around the same chronological age but with ​varying developmental levels. If a teacher believes that a student is behind developmentally compared to the majority of students in their class, then they may wish to retain the student to give them â€Å"the grace of time† to mature and catch up developmentally. Teachers may also choose to retain a student because they simply struggle academically when compared to students at the same grade level. While this is a traditional reason for retention, it is necessary to note that unless you figure out why the student is struggling, it is likely that the retention will do more harm than good. Another reason teachers often retain a student is due to the student’s lack of motivation to learn. Retention is often ineffective in this case as well. Student behavior can be another reason that a teacher chooses to retain a student. This is especially prevalent in lower grades. Poor behavior is often tied to the developmental level of the child. What Are Some Possible Positive Effects? The biggest positive effect of grade retention is that it provides students who are truly behind developmentally a chance to catch up. Those type of students will begin to thrive once they are developmentally on grade level. Being in the same grade two years in a row can also provide a student with some stability and familiarity, especially when it comes to the teacher and the room. Retention is most beneficial when the child that is retained receives intensive intervention specific to the areas in which they struggle throughout the retention year. What Are Some Possible Negative Effects? There are many adverse effects of retention. One of the biggest negative effects is that students who are retained are more likely to drop out of school eventually. It is also not an exact science. Research says that students are more negatively impacted by grade retention than they are positively affected by it. Grade retention can also have a profound impact on a student’s socialization. This becomes especially true for older students who have been with the same group of students for several years. A student who has been separated from their friends could become depressed and develop poor self-esteem. Students who are retained are likely physically bigger than their classmates because they are a year older. This often causes that child to be self-conscious. Students who are retained sometimes develop serious behavior issues, especially as they age. What Grade(s) Should You Retain a Student? The rule of thumb for retention is the younger, the better. Once students reach fourth grade, it becomes virtually impossible for retention to be a positive thing. There are always exceptions but, overall, retention should be primarily limited to early elementary school. There are so many factors that teachers need to look at in a retention decision. It is not an easy decision. Seek advice from other teachers and look at each student on a case-by-case basis. You could have two students who are remarkably similar developmentally but due to external factors, retention would only be appropriate for one and not the other. What Is the Process for a Student to be Retained? Each school district typically has its own retention policy. Some districts may oppose retention altogether. For districts that do not oppose retention, teachers need to make themselves familiar with their district’s policy. Regardless of that policy, there are several things a teacher needs to do to make the retention process much easier throughout the year. Identify struggling students within the first few weeks of school.Create an individualized intervention plan to meet that students individual learning needs.Meet with the parent within a month of initiating that plan. Be straightforward with them, provide them with strategies to implement at home, and be sure you let them know that retention is a possibility if significant improvements aren’t made over the course of the year.Adapt and change the plan if you are not seeing growth after a few months.Continuously update the parents on their child’s progress.Document everything, including meetings, strategies used, results, etc.If you do decide to retain, then follow all school policies and procedures dealing with retention. Be sure to monitor and comply with dates concerning retention as well. What Are Some Alternatives to Grade Retention? Grade retention is not the best remedy for every struggling student. Sometimes it may be as simple as providing a student with some counseling to get them going in the right direction. Other times it is won’t be that easy. Older students, in particular, need to be given some options when it comes to grade retention. Many schools provide summer school opportunities for students to attend and make improvements in the areas in which they struggle. Another alternative would be to place a ​student on a plan of study. A plan of study puts the ball in the student’s court sort of speak. A plan of study provides students with specific objectives that they must meet over the course of the year. It also provides assistance and increased accountability for the student. Finally, a plan of study details specific consequences for not meeting their specific objectives, including grade retention.