Managing, Evaluating and Developing Human Resources Case Study

Managing, Evaluating and Developing Human Resources - Case Study Example However, owing to rising stiff competition the company has had to rethink its strategies. The senior manager, Sam Mulgrew, faced challenges integrating performance management into achieving the strategic direction of the company as his area of expertise is accountancy. Performance management came into focus as an aspect of Human Resources in the 1990s and can be said as being responsible for rating, rewarding, monitoring, developing and planning of employees in order to ensure their efficient and effective performance (Armstrong &Baron 2005). Because performance management process is a broad domain that encompasses various levels along with functions within an organization, performance management is a process that calls for managers to look into its individual components and integrate them into the strategic goals of the organization accordingly. Its individual components essentially bring out the fact that performance management is associated with improvement; this implies that one must undertake an assessment and receive feedback to identify which areas need improvement and how this improvement would occur (Grote 2005). Nonetheless, the process is much wider than merely carrying out an assessment and receiving feedback, as there are other steps including the manager tasked with performance management having an understanding of the organizational context. This means that even before the manager begins carrying out an assessment of how employees are performing and receiving feedback from managers, he must understand the organizations’ strategic objectives as well as its core values. Once the manager has grasped these contextual factors, he begins by finding out if the right employees have been brought on to the organization (Cardy &Leonard 2011). Sam Mulgrew has been tasked with lifting the performance management standards at Money4U to make it more meaningful and

Art History Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Art History - Assignment Example A virtual tour, however, allows one to see all the details. In addition, there is the capability of zooming to get the finer details. Two religious paintings, the Ghent Altarpiece, commonly referred to as the Adoration of the Mystic Lamb from Ghent (Northern Europe) and Cimabue’s Madonna Enthroned from Italy, were created during the Renaissance for the same religion – Christianity .For this reason, the two have many similarities in spite of the differences in Renaissance settings of the two regions -Northern Europe and Italy. The two paintings have a span of more than a century apart, with the latter being the older. Both of these paintings were made at the helm of the Catholic Church in a Catholic and have Catholic background. The Ghent Altarpiece features Jesus as the main figure in the art piece while the Madonna Enthroned features Mary, the mother of Jesus; both of them prominent figures in the Catholic Church. In the Ghent Altarpiece, Jesus is seated on a throne and holding a scepter- a symbol of His royal power; conversely, Mary is also sitting on a throne and holding baby Jesus. Both of them are surrounded by numerous figures; Jesus is surrounded by Apostles while Mary is surrounded by angels wearing halos. In both, these figures help Christians to reach heaven. In addition, both Mary and Jesus are wearing long robes, also a symbol of royalty. A further analysis of the two pieces of art reveals little space around the two figures. There is even less space around Jesus. In both, there is symbolic gesturing with the hand; with Mary gesturing toward her son, symbolizing hope for the world. J esus also gestures with His hand; symbolic of the calling of all peoples of the world to come to Him. The striking difference is the use of color in the paintings. While the Ghent Altarpiece has much darker colors, the Madonna Enthroned has more bright colors. Further, there is a difference in time in the two paintings. While the Madonna

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay

The Competitive Environment Of Astra Zeneca Business Essay As stated briefly in critical success factors (1.4) AstraZeneca has done quite well historically and analysis reveals that they are looking to position themselves strategically for the future. But in the pharmaceutical industry there is currently increased patent risks and low marginal product returns, pharmaceutical firms like AstraZeneca must reduce structural inefficiencies, cut costs which is required to enable them compete better in the changing global environment. Due to its enormous RD push, AstraZeneca suffers a relatively high rate of discontinuation in pre-approval products; there is also a required to reduce resource wastage. AstraZenecas balance geographical presence (the US accounts for over 60% of Pfizers market area) may be an advantage potential compare to other competitors geographic limitations and can help a good revenue growth should other competitors lag behind in expanding their territories. 1.2: Life Cycle Analysis In this section, an analysis of AstraZeneca position in the life cycle has led the company to adopt some decisions which we made mainly in the last 5 years. I have defined the terms, explaining where AstraZeneca stands in the life cycle management and also the strategic implications for its possible in the stage where it is in. Supported by the evidence mentioned in the sections about Fig 1: Industry Life Cycle At the stage where AstraZeneca is the market is very competitive, and this trend continues into the early period of the maturity stage. Besides many more competitors offering their products, other companies continue the product-differentiation process which begun in the growth stage. In the past 5 years there have been many competitors such as GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer and Merck Co. who were doing what AstraZeneca is doing, and this is one of the characteristics of the maturity stage. With the large number of firms producing products, the competition for customers becomes quite intense; the strategy for firms during the maturity stage becomes one of survival, as many competitors will eventually withdraw from the market. In this climate AstraZeneca has continued differentiating their models so that the market is aware of the differences in the companys products and the competitors products. 1.3: Porters Five Forces Analysis Five Forces Analysis a technique which I have used to for identifying the forces which affect the level of competition in pharmaceutical industry Fig. 2 Five Forces Diagrams Overall, AstraZeneca shows a very strong position in the market. The company remains highly valued; there are favourable market positions with strong financial growth. So far, its demand has been positive and despite increased competition and some of the patent expiry the industry still shows a continuing upward sustainable growth. Below is the analysis on what makes AstraZeneca success and survive in the internal competition with its rivals. 1.4: Critical Success Factors and Competitive Advantage This section identifies key areas in which AstraZeneca must outperform other competitors in order to succeed. In the year 1990 The Core Competence of the Corporation, Prahalad and Gary Hamel painted to the potential for capabilities to be the competitiveness, source of new products, and foundation for strategy. 1.4.1: Research and Development: AstraZeneca makes a major contribution to total UK research and development (RD) expenditure and is amongst the most RD-intensive companies in the UK. As discussed above in life cycle analysis, it invested an average of  £749 million on RD since 2004, which represents around 18% of turnover in 2007 alone and  £1 in every  £20 of all UK business RD. Looking at AstraZenecas global business as a whole, it is now standing as the 13th largest investor in ranks in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK (Investing in UK PLC Article, 2004) Research Development is central to AstraZenecas business. It is vital to the identification and development of new therapies to advance human healthcare and of course a strong RD base is also vital to the long term success of the Company. In 2004 AstraZenecas global investment was  £1.9bn, making it the 24th largest investor in RD in the world and ranked the second largest investor amongst businesses which are headquartered in the UK. 1.4.2: Knowledge Workers: AstraZeneca employs a large number of scientists and researchers from a wide range of disciplines, as well as supporting the employment of others through its supply chain. At least 1,200 of AstraZenecas staff (or one in every 10 employees) have a PhD, whilst at least 600 have Masters Degrees. Therefore, at least 16% of AstraZenecas workforce is qualified to postgraduate level (this compares to 6% of all employees in employment in the UK with a post-graduate qualification). Given AstraZenecas need for highly qualified scientific and technology graduates, it is an active sponsor of graduate and post-graduate studies. It funded approximately 110 graduate studentships in 2004 with an estimated value of  £750,000, as well as funding significant levels of PhD students at a number of higher education institutions, either individually or through strategic agreements with Research Councils. 1.4.3: Science Base: AstraZeneca also plays an important role in supporting the wider development of science in the UK through links with institutions at all levels. AstraZeneca is also an active partner in the development of UK science and education policy. AstraZeneca also supports development of the teaching of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) skills in primary and secondary schools. The AstraZeneca Education Liaison Programme and sponsorship of the Creativity in Science and Technology (CREST) Awards (through the British Association for the Advancement of Science) for project work among 11-19 year olds. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. 2. Key business strategies of the company over past five years. Fig. 3: Bowmans Clock AstraZeneca has differentiates its products, it is often able to charge a premium price for its products or services in the market. Some general examples of differentiation include better service levels to customers, better product performance etc. in comparison with the existing competitors. Porter (1980) has argued that for a company employing a differentiation strategy, there is an extra cost that the company would have to earn. Such extra costs may include high marketing spending to promote a differentiated brand image for the product, which in fact can be considered as a cost and an investment. Differentiation has many advantages for AstraZeneca because it makes use strategy. Some problematic areas include the difficulty on part of the firm to estimate if the extra costs entailed in differentiation can actually be recovered from the customer through premium pricing. Moreover, successful differentiation strategy of a firm may attract competitors to enter the companys market segment and copy the differentiated product (Lynch, 2003). 2.1: Strategic Groups Analysis This section of Strategic Group Analysis (SGA) aims to identify organizations with similar strategic characteristics, following similar strategies or competing on similar bases. As put by Porter, A strategic group is the group of firms in an industry following the same or a similar strategy along the strategic dimensions (Porter, 1980, p.129) For more details, See Appendix 1 3. resources, capabilities and business strategies in the past 10 years. 3.1: Resource Based View of the AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas unique resources and dynamic capabilities and how the company has managed to align its resources and capabilities to fit its business strategy. This analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years. Firstly, Physical resources: these types of resources can be assessed in the form of buildings, equipment. At AstraZeneca they have development facilities in several countries, there are 30 sites for manufacturing in 20 countries and among those SEVERAL are in the UK. Secondly, there is human capital that is embodied in the skills and knowledge of employees of the firm, there is a large number of scientists who are employed by AstraZeneca. Financial capital these can be assessed through access to funds that can include the firms own revenue and borrowing power, AstraZeneca has generated  £11.8 billion and produces an operating profit of  £2.6 billion. Fourth, there is intellectual capital, which carries the reputation, goodwill, corporate image as whole, through the world and UK in particular medicine made by AstraZeneca are recognized as world class or world leading treatments. Last but not least, Social capital also accounts in the way the companys relations with buyer and suppliers and other stakeholders social capital, its two main sites act as significant link in the companys global supply chain -north west of the UK 3.2. Dynamic Capabilities of AstraZeneca Below is the analysis of AstraZenecas dynamic capabilities, this analysis has supporting evidences that dates back 10 years ago. Capabilities can be thought of as routines that firms perform to conduct their business (Nelson and Winter 1982). These are firm specific (non tradable), Capabilities can be both explicit and implicit (Conner and Prahalad 1996) Firstly, AstraZeneca develops manufacturer and sells a range of innovative drugs and therapy to combat different medical conditions. Secondly, research and development carried out at 11 research and development facilities located in seven countries among them there are 6 in the UK. Also, manufacturer takes place at 30 sites based in 20 countries, and 9 are in the UK. Dynamic capability its location in the UK example companys European business service office located in North West Chorlton-cum-hardy which is near the close to the centre of Manchester On the other hand, AstraZeneca spends development stage of each medicine of cost over 500 million pounds, in additional to that AZ continue research and development treatments in the serious diseases. In additional to that, HR, marketing, sales are located at the same facility near satellite sites, Tytherington and Macclesfield, On the hand, the Brixham laboratory lab medicines and manufacturing process to ensure that they meet stringent environment safety and regulations requirement 3.3: Strategic Fit Strategic fit expresses the degree to which an organization matches its resources and capabilities with the opportunities in the external environment or its existing business strategy. For AstraZeneca the benefits of good strategic fit include cost reduction, due to economies of scale, and the transfer of knowledge and skills. In AstraZeneca position, the business fit between resources and capabilities creates a demand for opportunities that address specific strategic needsopportunities that strengthen competitive advantage, that explore the use of new technologies, or create new markets and revitalize existing markets. Based on the analysis of resources (3.1) and capabilities (in 3.2) on previous sub-chapters,  I can compose a list of existing capabilities that support new objectives. On the other hand, Development of differentiated product and technology alternatives, this recognises that AstraZeneca have used technology advancement to enhance their RD in conjunction with differentiated product. Development of differentiated product profiles and business plans, this has been generated as a result of enormous amount of money which is spent on research and development as describes in previous topics. AstraZeneca is a key in growing economy in the UK this is characterised by the recognition of knowledge as a source of competitiveness, the importance of science, research, technology and innovation in knowledge creation, and the use of ICT to generate, share and apply knowledge. This advantage is couple with sponsorship of different education programmes in school to produce knowledge based company. AstraZeneca is the as UKs third pharmaceutical company and a lead in RD of medicine; this capability has successfully carried it to a wide range of medicines and drugs. Finally, AstraZenecas actions a resource/competence based analysis of its instinctive capabilities, those characteristics that give AstraZeneca distinct competitive advantage over its industry rivals. 3.4: AstraZeneca SWOT Analysis AstraZeneca since its merger in 1999 (Astra and Zeneca) has grown a global enterprise with over 64,000 employees on six continents. AstraZeneca has increasingly focused its efforts on RD and this remains its core business strategy. AstraZenecas strengths lie in its strong as a knowledge based organisation and strong marketing capabilities. AstraZenecas performance is characterized not only by size, but also by growth. In 2007, AstraZeneca achieved 18% revenue growth. AstraZeneca has also set records in each of the past seven years to 2007 with the biggest investment in RD. AstraZeneca strength in RD, marketing, and sales has made them a partner of choice for many companies in the pharmaceutical industry and they are involved in a wide range of research collaborations and a large number of licensing agreements with universities, institutes and organizations. Strength: RD advance with a broad therapeutic exposure Wide geographical coverage and therapeutic areas Existing Patent protection for a number of years on key products Weakness: Discontinuation of products in the latter stages of development Increased size and operational complexity makes AstraZenecaa less responsive company Opportunity: reducing development time through complimentary RD collaborations globalisation for new products/drugs/medicine Marketing agreements with companieswishing to capitalize on AstraZenecas marketing Strengths,providing AstraZenecarevenue growth in the process Threats: Patent expiry in 2009 and other due this year 2010 Competition from products similar to AstraZenecas in RD that reach the market close to or before AstraZenecas products The new economic emergency in China, India and competition in diverse regional markets. 4. References: 4.1: Websites http://www.csuchico.edu/mgmt/strategy/module8/index.htm http://ir.lib.sfu.ca/retrieve/2190/etd1838.pdf http://www.astrazeneca.com/investors/strategy/ http://college.hmco.com/hjinstruct/powerpt/ch03/sld020.htm http://university-essays.tripod.com/porters_generic_strategies.html http://www.marketingteacher.com/Lessons/lesson_bowman.htm http://ivythesis.typepad.com/term_paper_topics/strategy_clock/ 4.2.: Journal Article http://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_93.htm http://lexicon.ft.com/term.asp?t=strategic-fit Nair, A. and Filler, L. (2003) Strategic Management Journal, 24, 145-159. Puerta, J. (2004) British Journal of Management, 15, 219-245. 4.3: Books Porter, M. E. (1976) Interbrand Choice, Strategy, and Bilateral Market Power, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusets. Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. Techniques for Analyzing Industries and Competitors, Free Press, New York. Warren, K. (2002) Competitive Strategy Dynamics, John Wiley Sons, Chichester. Zuniga-Vicente, J. A., Fuente-Sabate, J. M. d. l. and Rodriguez- 5. Bibliography Oster, S. M. (1994) Modern Competitive Analysis, Oxford University Press, New York. Porac, J. F., Thomas, H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1989) Journal of Management Studies, 26, 397-416. Porac, J. F., Thomas., H. and Baden-Fuller, C. W. F. (1994) In Strategic Groups, Strategic Moves and Performance (Eds, Daems, H. and Thomas., H.) Elsevier Science Ltd, Oxford, pp. 117-137. Redwood, H. (1988) The Pharmaceutical Industry: Trends, Problems and Achievements, Oldwicks, Felixstowe. Taggart, J. (1993) The World Pharmaceutical Industry, Routledge, New York. 6: Appendices:

Hawthorne Critiques Puritan Society in His Works, Young Goodman Brown a

Nathaniel Hawthorne Critiques Puritan Society in His Works, Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter Many American writers have scrutinized religion through their works of literature, however none had the enthusiasm of Nathaniel Hawthorne. A handful of Hawthorne's works are clear critiques of seventeenth century Puritan society in New England. Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter illustrate his assessment by showing internal battles within characters, hypocrisy in religious figures, atypical punishment for crimes, and accenting women's roles in Puritan society. Firstly, Hawthorne's literature often stresses internal battles in main characters. In both Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter, these battles are between morals and sin (both past and future). In Young Goodman Brown, Brown goes into the woods and meets Satan. Satan, in the form of Brown's deceased grandfather, asks the weary Brown to take his staff. The staff "bore the likeness of a great black snake... almost be seen to twist and wriggle... like a living serpent" (Hawthorne 1237). The comparison of the strangers' staff as a snake is very reminiscent of the Bible's story of Eve and the serpent in the Garden of Eden. "Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God made" (Genesis 3:1) and as we know Eve ate the fruit from the forbidden tree and succumbed to the serpent's temptation. However, unlike Eve, Brown did not take the serpent-like staff because he knew he was being tested. Goodman Brown was also ethically confronted when he sees his wife, Faith, among a group of high standing community and church members in a circle of religious converts who plan to switch to Satanism. Seeing his adored wife ready to worshi... ...en upstanding, moral individuals, yet it appears that Hawthorne wants to show us examples of those who were not unblemished. Works Cited Angell, Robert. Free Society and Moral Crisis. The University of Michigan Press, 1965. Hall, Lawrence. Hawthorne: Critic of Society. Gloucester: Yale University Press, 1966. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Scarlet Letter." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Julia Reidhead. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1998. 1331-1447. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Julia Reidhead. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1998. 1236-1245. Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. 1988. Reis, Elizabeth. DAMNED WOMEN: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997. Hawthorne Critiques Puritan Society in His Works, Young Goodman Brown a Nathaniel Hawthorne Critiques Puritan Society in His Works, Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter Many American writers have scrutinized religion through their works of literature, however none had the enthusiasm of Nathaniel Hawthorne. A handful of Hawthorne's works are clear critiques of seventeenth century Puritan society in New England. Hawthorne's Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter illustrate his assessment by showing internal battles within characters, hypocrisy in religious figures, atypical punishment for crimes, and accenting women's roles in Puritan society. Firstly, Hawthorne's literature often stresses internal battles in main characters. In both Young Goodman Brown and The Scarlet Letter, these battles are between morals and sin (both past and future). In Young Goodman Brown, Brown goes into the woods and meets Satan. Satan, in the form of Brown's deceased grandfather, asks the weary Brown to take his staff. The staff "bore the likeness of a great black snake... almost be seen to twist and wriggle... like a living serpent" (Hawthorne 1237). The comparison of the strangers' staff as a snake is very reminiscent of the Bible's story of Eve and the serpent in the Garden of Eden. "Now the serpent was more crafty than any of the wild animals the Lord God made" (Genesis 3:1) and as we know Eve ate the fruit from the forbidden tree and succumbed to the serpent's temptation. However, unlike Eve, Brown did not take the serpent-like staff because he knew he was being tested. Goodman Brown was also ethically confronted when he sees his wife, Faith, among a group of high standing community and church members in a circle of religious converts who plan to switch to Satanism. Seeing his adored wife ready to worshi... ...en upstanding, moral individuals, yet it appears that Hawthorne wants to show us examples of those who were not unblemished. Works Cited Angell, Robert. Free Society and Moral Crisis. The University of Michigan Press, 1965. Hall, Lawrence. Hawthorne: Critic of Society. Gloucester: Yale University Press, 1966. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "The Scarlet Letter." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Julia Reidhead. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1998. 1331-1447. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. "Young Goodman Brown." The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Julia Reidhead. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1998. 1236-1245. Holy Bible: New International Version. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House. 1988. Reis, Elizabeth. DAMNED WOMEN: Sinners and Witches in Puritan New England. New York: Cornell University Press, 1997.

Developments in transportation Essay

Developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American growth in the first half of the 19th century; moreover, it was the booming railroad industry, the country massive turnpikes, and the canals promoting water travel that sparked American growth in the first half of the 19th century. Railroads had been in the making for years, and they just kept improving, thus improving the ease of news spread and travel throughout the United States. The turnpikes going from city to city brought ease in trading goods and transportation. In addition, the canals, such as the Erie Canal, promoted the thought of water travel leading to many key inventions and vehicles. Although developments in manufacturing and agriculture had a profound effect upon American economic growth in the first half of the nineteenth century, developments in transportation had a larger effect, as well as serving as the catalyst for the developments in manufacturing and agriculture. Railroads made the west accessible. They encouraged the migration and settlement of the western United States. Because of the railroads assisting people in moving out west, a need formed for new agricultural methods and tools to farm in the new environment. The Gold Rush in California only grew so popular due to the railroads bringing ease of travel to people heading out west. The Railroad industry also opened up the western areas of the United States to business, industry, and trade. It continued to influence developments of industry, so more products could be made, shipped, and sold. The railroad system also created the demand for new modes of communication, such as the telegraph, because there was more distance to cover, thus opening a whole new market in the communication industry. One of the most important achievements the railroad’s brought to the United States was the introduction of time zones to accommodate for the inter-state trade. By 1820, turnpikes connected almost all major cities in the United States.  They facilitated trade between areas of the country that were previously isolated, thus raising the economy in certain places. Turnpikes also provide a quicker and easier mode of transportation for people, therefore helping to decrease the standard of economic self-sufficiency. This meant people were less likely to be stuck growing their own food, making their own clothes, etc. because they now had a much easier trip to town where they could buy these goods. Canals became popular from about 1815-1840. The most famous canal was the Erie Canal. It opened an inexpensive and quick way to travel from the east to the west. Before the Erie Canal only the east coast had been readily accessible by water. Canals promoted trade between the eastern and western regions, sparking industrial development in the formerly farm-oriented west. Canals made New York City a major trade center. They allowed New York to prosper and continue to grow as an industrial powerhouse, creating more jobs and factories. This is what gave New York the advantage over cities like Baltimore and Philadelphia. The canals also promoted the development of the steamship, created first by Robert Fulton. All in all, the statement, â€Å"developments in transportation, rather than in manufacturing and agriculture, sparked American growth in the first half of the 19th century† is a valid statement. The advancements made in transportation is what led to the advancements made in manufacturing and agriculture. If it weren’t for the railroads, turnpikes, and canals, most of the manufacturing and agriculture developments would not have been made, and America would have been stuck in the past.

Organizational Change Plan

In the past few years, many organizations have advanced technologically concerning medical records. By implementing Electronic Medical Records system to the Ambulatory Clinical Setting, managers will be taking a huge leap into the future. Of course, when organizations decide to make an over-haul change of this magnitude, managers need to make sure they have planned strategies for measuring the various outcomes. When the implementation of the Electronic Medical Records system was connected, management needs to focus on the strategies for determining how effective the change to the EMR system is to this facility.The managers must also be able to analyze possible future outcomes of the implementation as well as looked at how they plan to measure the quality and satisfaction outcomes of the implemented change plan. With the implementations of the Electronic Medical Records system managers will have to determine how effective the change to the EMR system was. According to Spector (2010), effectiveness is determined by the degree to which employees behavior are adaptive; moving people in a direction best for employees and the organization.By watching, talking, and gathering surveys from employees, managers will be able to determine if the EMR system was an effective change for the staff and the patients. According to Borkowski (2010), communication is essential to building and maintaining relationships in the workplace. The employees will communicate effectively with the managers informing them on how they think the change process is going. This is a very important step. It will assist the managers in determining if this system is doable or if they need to make some modifications to achieve the goal of effectively implementing EMR.Furthermore, this process will help make sure that the employees and the managers have built an excellent level of shared communication. Because employees are at the forefront of most organizations, it is very important for managers to invo lve his and her employees in change management. If the employees are giving positive feedback and are showing no signs of distress, management should continue to follow the guidelines of Kurt Lewin's change theory of â€Å"refreezing† (Spector, 2010). Methods Used to MonitorImplementation of the Proposed Change In reviewing all of the possible outcome measurement strategies for the implementation of the Electronic Medical Records system, managers looked at the reasons for the change implementation. According to Young (2000), â€Å"technology has continued to move forward at a rapid pace, but many organizational and human issues have slowed the pace of implementation of automated systems for an electronic documentation record. † Contrary to the prior statement, quantitative reports can provide possible outcomes, which can display how this change has affected Clinicians, employees, and families.Electronic patient records can improve patient safety, quality of care, effic iency of staff members, and include all of the disciplines of the health care team (Dove, 2010). By implementing an Electronic Medical Records (EMR) System, the thought was that it would improve the efficiency of this organization as well as making an advance into the technology within the health care industry. Furthermore, reviewing the organizational structure and making sure that the organization was strategically in line financially.Relationship between Organization’s Related Processes, Systems, Personal or Professional Roles and Effect on the Proposed Organizational Change When viewing the implementation of Electronic Medical Records system, finances are viewed closely to determine if the implementation has made an impact on the organization financially. According to Spector (2010), effective diagnosis is the data-driven information via questionnaires, interviews, and observations. Financial and productivity reports are the two most critical reports that reviewed. These reports alone can tell managers and stakeholders if they are financially stable.Of course, managers will need to ensure that all data obtained is accurate in order for the data used in determining future financial outcomes. According to Spector (2010), organizations can use activity-based management to help ensure decisions that as part of the change process. Examining the relationship between the organizations related process, systems, and personal, and professional roles and their effort on the implementation of Electronic Medical Record, one could derive at understanding of how the system works after implementation.When a system is implemented, and training has taken place should result in a work environment in which all team members are aware of his and her frustrations, loss of efficiency and limited effectiveness. Specifically for the organization process, each area had a Champion and Super user to use as a resource for the new EMR system. The available resources assisted in m aking this transition doable. The clinicians and staff were amenable to them as well. Emphasis on throughput and workflow was evaluated to ensure that everyone was aware of his and her roles and responsibilities.Essentially, the goal was to move from paper to EMR within a timeframe with little disruptions in the organization. Communicating Techniques Used to Address Any Implementation Issues Although the employees have been using the Electronic Medical Records system proficiently, managers must ensure ways to keep the employees excited and motivated about the system. According to Herzberg motivational-hygiene theory, he believed that the â€Å"factors on-the-job that can cause staff to be satisfied or dissatisfied where not the same things.†After retrieving data from questionnaires, the employees were motivated because it was a change they believed would increase their level of responsibility. They were not dissatisfied or disgruntled about the level of responsibility. They w ere dissatisfied with the additional training they had to take. The management staff ensured the employees that the additional courses would enhance their self-confidence, increase their skill levels, and enhance their knowledge base of the new system.According to Spector (2010), â€Å"Individual incentives will be most effective in shaping behavior when the individual controls the outcomes being measured and rewarded, when the outcomes are tied to improved performance, when the evaluation of an employee’s contribution is perceived as being valid, and when the difference between rewards for high and low performance is significant. † Additionally, communication techniques are important when implementing a new system within the organization.One could assume that not all staff members are computer knowledgeable and will need additional training and assistance. The installations of the EMR system was initially not as user friendly. Positive communication within the organiz ations was the best tool of communication. Communication allowed everyone the opportunity to articulate his and her concerns, determine if additional training needed, and the focus was on the individual and department needs. In closing, the implementation to Electronic Medical Records systems is a technological advancement.Health care personnel, patients, and family members are able to access information instantly, avoiding the strain of searching through stacks of charts to retrieve patient data (Gurley, 2008). Even though there are barriers that may appear during the process and after the change process, acquire a concrete organizational plan on implementing Electronic Medical Records system will minimize them before they arise. Also based on the data collected, the employees are motivated and want to see the company advance technologically and financially.The proposed plan with the use of internal focus groups and external resources will ensure that the implementation of the Elec tronic Medical Records system is successful. The current system is a hand-written, time-consuming, and inaccurate detailed records system that has delayed advancements in technological development. Effectively implementing Electronic Medical Records system, has allowed the families to have instant access to his and her medical care and treatment plans.